Digital fabrication
CAD/CAM, CNC, robotics, and scanning cut, verify, and assemble nonstandard components.
Curved and twisted buildings require component coordinates, tolerances, and assembly sequences as managed data rather than a single drawing.
Factory-cut panels are checked against site surveys and scans. Digital control limits cumulative error.
CNC milling and kit-based formwork also shape nonstandard concrete, where form cost can dominate the structure.
File compatibility, divided responsibility, and site skills remain limitations. Digital workflows still depend on human adjustment at the final millimeter.
