Steel frame
Rolled sections and tubes create spans and story heights, while connections, fireproofing, and corrosion protection define the method.
Columns, beams, and braces form the frame, often with composite concrete floors on metal deck. Bolted or welded connections affect schedule and quality control.
Towers must address steel weight, wind, buckling, and fire protection together. Regular frames simplify coordination with curtain walls and cores.
The Eiffel Tower and Crystal Palace established a visible skeletal tradition later extended by high-tech trusses and outriggers.
Coatings, galvanizing, sprayed fire protection, and boards compensate for corrosion and fire vulnerability. Ductile connections are essential in seismic and high-wind regions.
